Sena Düzgün (Writer)
26 April 2024
What is Industry 4.0?
From Industry 1.0 to 4.0
► Implementation of Mechanical Production Facilities (18th century)
1712 Invention of the Steam Engine
► Mass Production Based on Electricity and Division of Labor
(19th Century) 1840 Telegraph and 1880 Telephone Inventions
1920 Taylorism (Scientific management)
► Automation of Production Processes (20th century)
1971 First microcomputer (Altair 8800)
1976 Apple I (S. Jobs and S. Wozniak)
► Autonomous Machines and Virtual Environments (21st Century)
1988 AutoIDLab (MIT)
2000 Internet of Things
2010 Cellular Transportation System
2020 Autonomous Interaction and Virtualization
Industry 4.0 is a collective set of technologies and concepts of value chain organizations. It is based on the concept of Cyber-Physical systems, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services. This structure contributes greatly to the vision of smart factories. Industry 4.0 generally consists of the following 3 structures.
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Internet of Services
- Cyber-Physical Systems
Industry 4.0 aims to monitor physical processes with cyber-physical systems, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions within the scope of modular smart factories. With the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems will be able to communicate and collaborate with each other and with people in real time. With the Internet of Services, both internal and cross-organizational services will be offered and evaluated by the users of the value chain.
Principles of Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 is based on 6 principles.
1) Interoperability: The ability of cyber-physical systems (e.g. workpiece carriers, assembly stations and products) to communicate with people and smart factories via the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services.
2) Virtualization: This structure is a virtual replica of a smart factory. The system consists of linking sensor data with virtual plant and simulation models.
3) Autonomous Management: It is the ability of Cyber-Physical systems to make their own decisions within smart factories.
4) Real-Time Capability: The ability to collect and analyze data. This structure enables understanding to be done quickly.
5) Service Orientation: Cyber-physical systems, people and smart factory services are offered through the Internet of Services.
6) Modularity: Provides a flexible adaptation system to smart factories for the changing requirements of individual modules.
Industry 4.0 System Applicability
Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 is likened to a system where machines provide services and share information with products in real time. For example, it uses soap bottles to illustrate how products and manufacturing machines can communicate with each other. Empty soap bottles have radio frequency identification (RFID) tags on them, which allow machines to recognize the color of the bottles. This system allows the information that a product transmits through radio signals to be stored digitally from the beginning of production. In this way, it emerges as a cyber-physical system.
Advantages of Industry 4.0
- Facilitating system monitoring and diagnostics
- Gain self-awareness of systems and their components
- The system is sustainable with environmentally friendly and resource-saving behaviors
- Ensuring higher efficiency
- Increasing flexibility in production
- Cost reduction
- Development of new services and business models